Fortunately，if the worst comes to the worst, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale “geoengineering” projects that might be used to counteract global warming. “I use the analogy of methadone,” says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. “If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.”
Basically the idea is to apply “sunscreen” to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth; launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun’s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.
1. According to the first two paragraphs，the author thinks that
A strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming.
B to reduce carbon emissions is all impossible mission.
C despite the difficulty，scientists have some options to prevent global warming.
D actions suggested by scientists will never be realized.
2. Scientists resist talking about their options because they don't want people to
A know what they are doing.
B feel their efforts are useless.
C think the problem has been solved.
D see the real problem.
3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone?
A Methadone is an effective way to treat a hard heroin addict.
B Methadone is not a correct way to treat a heroin addict.
C Hospitalization together with methadone can work effectively with a heroin addict.
D Methadone and heroin are equally effective in treating a heroin addict.
4. What is Stephen Schneider’s idea of preventing global warming?
A To ask governments to take stronger measures;
B To increase the sunlight reaching the Earth.
C To apply sunscreen to the Earth.
D To decrease greenhouse gases.
5. What is NOT true of the effectiveness of “sunscreen”，according to the last paragraph?
A It deflects sunlight reaching the Earth to counteract the warming.
B It blocks the incident energy in the sun’s rays.
C It is a controversial method.
D It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
第二篇
A Phone That Knows You're Busy
It's a modem problem: you're too busy to be disturbed by incessant (连续不断的) phone calls so you turn your cellphone off. But if you don't remember to turn it back on when you're less busy, you could miss some important calls. If only the phone knew when it was wise to interrupt you, you wouldn't have to turn it off at all. Instead, it could let calls through when you are not too busy.
A bunch of behavior sensors (传感器) and a clever piece of software could do just that, by analyzing your behavior to determine if it's a good time to interrupt you. If built into a phone, the system may decide you're too busy and ask the caller to leave a message or ring back later.
James Fogarty and Scott Hudson at Camegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania based their system on tiny microphones, cameras and touch sensors that reveal body language and activity. First they had to study different behaviors to find out which ones strongly predict whether your mind is interrupted.
The potential "busyness" signals they focused on included whether the office doors were left open or closed, the time of day, if other people were with the person in question, how close they were to each other, and whether or not the computer was in use.
The sensors monitored these and many other factors while four subjects were at work. At random intervals, the subjects rated how interruptible they were on a scale ranging from "highly interTuptible" to "highly not-interruptible". Their ratings were then correlated with the various behaviors. "It is a shotgun (随意的) approach: we used all the indicators we could think of and then let statistics find out which were important," says Hudson.
The model showed that using the keyboard, and talking on a landline or to someone else in the office correlated most strongly with how interruptible the subjects judged themselves to be.
Interestingly, the computer was actually better than people at predicting when someone was too busy to be interrupted. The computer got it right 82 per cent of the time humans 77 per cent. Fogarty speculates that this might be because people doing the interrupting are inevitably biased towards delivering their message, whereas computers don't care.
The first application for Hudson and Fogarty's system is likely to be in an instant messaging system, followed by office phones and cellphones. "There is no technological roadblock (障碍)to it being deployed in a couple of years," says Hudson.
6 A big problem facing people today is that
A they must tolerate phone disturbances or miss important calls
B they must turn off their phones to keep their homes quiet.
C they have to switch from a desktop phone to a Cellphone.
D they are too busy to make phone calls.
7 The behavior sensor and software system built in a phone
A could help store messages.
B could send messages instantly.
C could tell when it is wise to interrupt you.
D could identify important phone calls.
8 Scientists at Camegie Mellon University tried to find out
A why office doors were often left open.
B when it was a good time to turn off the computer.
C what questions office workers were bothered with.
D which behaviors could tell whether a person was busy
9 During the experiment, the subjects were asked
A to control the sensors and the camera.
B to rate the degrees to which they could be interrupted.
C to compare their behaviors with others'.
D to analyze all the indicators of interruption.
10 The computer performed better than people in the study because
A the computer worked harder.
B the computer was not busy.
C people tended to be biased.
D people were not good at statistics.
第三篇
The Exploding Lakes of Cameroon
What comes to mind when you think of a lake? You probably imagine a pretty scene with blue water, birds, and fish. For the people in the northwestern Cameroon, however, the image is very different. For them, lakes may mean terrible disasters. In 1984, poisonous gases exploded out of Lake Monoun and came down into the nearby villages, killing thirty-seven people. Two years later, Lake Nyos erupted. A cloud of gases rolled down the hills and into the valleys and killed 1,700 people.
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